Explain the relationship between key provisions of the Articles of Confederation and the debate over granting the federal government greater power formerly reserved to the states.

CON-1.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the ongoing impact of political negotiation and compromise at the Constitutional Convention on the development of the constitutional system.

CON-2.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how societal needs affect the constitutional allocation of power between the national and state governments.

CON-2.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the appropriate balance of power between national and state governments has been interpreted differently over time.

CON-2.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the distribution of powers among three federal branches and between national and state governments impacts policy making.

PMI-1.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the constitutional principles of separation of powers and "checks and balances."

PMI-1.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the implications of separation of powers and "checks and balances" for the U.S. political system.

CON-3.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe the different structures, powers, and functions of each house of Congress.

CON-3.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the structure, powers, and functions of both houses of Congress affect the policy-making process.

CON-3.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how congressional behavior is influenced by election processes, partisanship, and divided government.

CON-4.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the president can implement a policy agenda.

CON-4.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the president's agenda can create tension and frequent confrontations with Congress.

CON-4.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how presidents have interpreted and justified their use of formal and informal powers.

CON-4.D

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how communication technology has changed the president's relationship with the national constituency and the other branches.

CON-5.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the principle of judicial review and how it checks the power of other institutions and state governments.

CON-5.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the exercise of judicial review in conjunction with life tenure can lead to debate about the legitimacy of the Supreme Court's power.

CON-5.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how other branches in the government can limit the Supreme Court's power.

PMI-2.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the bureaucracy carries out the responsibilities of the federal government.

PMI-2.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the federal bureaucracy uses delegated discretionary authority for rule making and implementation.

PMI-2.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how Congress uses its oversight power in its relationship with the executive branch.

PMI-2.D

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the president ensures that executive branch agencies and departments carry out their responsibilities in concert with the goals of the administration.

PMI-2.E

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the extent to which governmental branches can hold the bureaucracy accountable given the competing interests of Congress, the president, and the federal courts.

LOR-2.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the U.S. Constitution protects individual liberties and rights.

LOR-2.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe the rights protected in the Bill of Rights.

LOR-2.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the extent to which the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First and Second Amendments reflects a commitment to individual liberty.

LOR-2.D

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the Supreme Court has attempted to balance claims of individual freedom with laws and enforcement procedures that promote public order and safety.

LOR-3.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the implications of the doctrine of selective incorporation.

LOR-3.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the extent to which states are limited by the due process clause from infringing upon individual rights.

PRD-1.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how constitutional provisions have supported and motivated social movements.

PMI-3.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the government has responded to social movements.

CON-6.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the Court has at times allowed the restriction of the civil rights of minority groups and at other times has protected those rights.

MPA-1.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the relationship between core beliefs of U.S. citizens and attitudes about the role of government.

MPA-1.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how cultural factors influence political attitudes and socialization.

MPA-2.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe the elements of a scientific poll.

MPA-2.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the quality and credibility of claims based on public opinion data.

PMI-4.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how ideologies of the two major parties shape policy debates.

PMI-4.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how U.S. political culture (e.g., values, attitudes, and beliefs) influences the formation, goals, and implementation of public policy over time.

PMI-4.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe different political ideologies on the role of government in regulating the marketplace.

PMI-4.D

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how political ideologies vary on the government's role in regulating the marketplace.

PMI-4.E

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how political ideologies vary on the role of the government in addressing social issues.

PMI-4.F

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how different ideologies impact policy on social issues.

MPA-3.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe the voting rights protections in the Constitution and in legislation.

MPA-3.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe different models of voting behavior.

MPA-3.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the roles that individual choice and state laws play in voter turnout in elections.

PMI-5.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Describe linkage institutions.

PMI-5.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the function and impact of political parties on the electorate and government.

PMI-5.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain why and how political parties change and adapt.

PMI-5.D

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how structural barriers impact third-party and independent candidate success.

PMI-5.E

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the benefits and potential problems of interest-group influence on elections and policy making.

PMI-5.F

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how variation in types and resources of interest groups affects their ability to influence elections and policy making.

PMI-5.G

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how various political actors influence public policy outcomes.

PRD-2.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the different processes work in a U.S. presidential election.

PRD-2.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the Electoral College facilitates and/or impedes democracy.

PRD-2.C

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the different processes work in U.S. congressional elections.

PRD-2.D

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how campaign organizations and strategies affect the election process.

PRD-2.E

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how the organization, finance, and strategies of national political campaigns affect the election process.

PRD-3.A

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain the media's role as a linkage institution.

PRD-3.B

Learning Objective

Depth 2

Explain how increasingly diverse choices of media and communication outlets influence political institutions and behavior.

1.A

Skill

Depth 3

Describe political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

1.B

Skill

Depth 3

Explain political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

1.C

Skill

Depth 3

Compare political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

1.D

Skill

Depth 3

Describe political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors illustrated in different scenarios in context.

1.E

Skill

Depth 3

Explain how political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors apply to different scenarios in context.

2.A

Skill

Depth 3

Describe the facts, reasoning, decision, and majority opinion of required Supreme Court cases.

2.B

Skill

Depth 3

Explain how a required Supreme Court case relates to a foundational document or to other primary or secondary sources.

2.C

Skill

Depth 3

Compare the reasoning, decision, and majority opinion of a required Supreme Court case to a nonrequired Supreme Court case.

2.D

Skill

Depth 3

Explain how required Supreme Court cases apply to scenarios in context.

3.A

Skill

Depth 3

Describe the data presented.

3.B

Skill

Depth 3

Describe patterns and trends in data.

3.C

Skill

Depth 3

Explain patterns and trends in data to draw conclusions.

3.D

Skill

Depth 3

Explain what the data implies or illustrates about political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

3.E

Skill

Depth 3

Explain possible limitations of the data provided.

3.F

Skill

Depth 3

Explain possible limitations of the visual representation of the data provided.

4.A

Skill

Depth 3

Describe the author's claim(s), perspective, evidence, and reasoning.

4.B

Skill

Depth 3

Explain how the author's argument or perspective relates to political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

4.C

Skill

Depth 3

Explain how the implications of the author's argument or perspective may affect political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

4.D

Skill

Depth 3

Explain how the visual elements of a cartoon, map, or infographic illustrate or relate to political principles, institutions, processes, policies, and behaviors.

5.A

Skill

Depth 3

Articulate a defensible claim/thesis.

5.B

Skill

Depth 3

Support the argument using relevant evidence.

5.C

Skill

Depth 3

Use reasoning to organize and analyze evidence, explaining its significance to justify the claim or thesis.