Calculus: Grades 9, 10, 11, 12

Standards for Mathematical Practice

Functions, Graphs, and Limits

Derivatives

Integrals

Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.

Reason abstractly and quantitatively.

Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.

Model with mathematics. 

Use appropriate tools strategically.

Attend to precision.

Look for and make use of structure.

Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.

Limits of Functions

Behavior of Functions

Continuity

Understand the Concept of the Derivative

Computing and Applying Derivatives

Understanding Integrals

Calculate and Apply Integrals

Understand the concept of the limit of a function.

Describe the asymptotic and unbounded behavior of functions.

Develop an understanding of continuity as a property of functions

Demonstrate an understanding of the derivative

Understand the derivative at a point

Apply differentiation techniques

Use first and second derivatives to analyze a function

Apply derivatives to solve problems

Demonstrate understanding of a definite integral

Understand and apply the fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Apply techniques of antidifferentiation

Apply integrals to solve problems

Calculate limits (including limits at infinity) using algebra.

Estimate limits of functions (including one-sided limits) from graphs or tables of data. Apply the definition of a limit to a variety of functions, including piece-wise functions.

Draw a sketch that illustrates the definition of the limit; develop multiple real world scenarios that illustrate the definition of the limit.

Describe asymptotic behavior (analytically and graphically) in terms of infinite limits and limits at infinity.

Discuss the various types of end behavior of functions; identify prototypical functions for each type of end behavior.

Define continuity at a point using limits; define continuous functions.

Determine whether a given function is continuous at a specific point.

Determine and define different types of discontinuity (point, jump, infinite) in terms of limits.

Apply the Intermediate Value Theorem and Extreme Value Theorem to continuous functions.

Represent and interpret the derivative of a function graphically, numerically, and analytically.

Interpret the derivative as an instantaneous rate of change.

Define the derivative as the limit of the difference quotient; illustrate with the sketch of a graph.

Demonstrate the relationship between differentiability and continuity.

Interpret the derivative as the slope of a curve (which could be a line) at a point, including points at which there are vertical tangents and points at which there are no tangents (i.e., where a function is not locally linear).

Approximate both the instantaneous rate of change and the average rate of change given a graph or table of values.

Write the equation of the line tangent to a curve at a given point.

Apply the Mean Value Theorem.

Understand Rolle's Theorem as a special case of the Mean Value Theorem.

Describe in detail how the basic derivative rules are used to differentiate a function; discuss the difference between using the limit definition of the derivative and using the derivative rules.

Calculate the derivative of basic functions (power, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric).

Calculate the derivatives of sums, products, and quotients of basic functions.

Apply the chain rule to find the derivative of a composite function.

Implicitly differentiate an equation in two or more variables.

Use implicit differentiation to find the derivative of the inverse of a function.

Relate the increasing and decreasing behavior of ƒ to the sign of ƒ′ both analytically and graphically.

Use the first derivative to find extrema (local and global).

Analytically locate the intervals on which a function is increasing, decreasing or neither.

Relate the concavity of ƒ to the sign of ƒ′ both analytically and graphically.

Use the second derivative to find points of inflection as points where concavity changes.

Analytically locate intervals on which a function is concave up, concave down or neither.

Relate corresponding characteristics of the graphs of ƒ, ƒ′, and ƒ′.

Translate verbal descriptions into equations involving derivatives and vice versa.

Model rates of change, including related rates problems. In each case, include a discussion of units.

Solve optimization problems to find a desired maximum or minimum value.

Use differentiation to solve problems involving velocity, speed, and acceleration.

Use tangent lines to approximate function values and changes in function values when inputs change (linearization).

Define the definite integral as the limit of Riemann sums and as the net accumulation of change.

Correctly write a Riemann sum that represents the definition of a definite integral.

Use Riemann sums (left, right, and midpoint evaluation points) and trapezoid sums to approximate definite integrals of functions represented graphically, numerically, and by tables of values.

Recognize differentiation and antidifferentiation as inverse operations.

Evaluate definite integrals using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to represent a particular antiderivative of a function and to understand when the antiderivative so represented is continuous and differentiable.

Apply basic properties of definite integrals (e.g. additive, constant multiple, translations).

Develop facility with finding antiderivatives that follow directly from derivatives of basic functions (power, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric).

Use substitution of variables to calculate antiderivatives (including changing limits for definite integrals).

Find specific antiderivatives using initial conditions.

Use a definite integral to find the area of a region.

Use a definite integral to find the volume of a solid formed by rotating a region around a given axis.

Use integrals to solve a variety of problems (e.g., distance traveled by a particle along a line, exponential growth/decay).