Grades 9, 10, 11, 12

Astronomy Content

Bioengineering/Scientific Research III Content

Biology Content

Chemistry Content

Earth Systems Content

Environmental Science Content

Forensic Science Content

Anatomy and Physiology Content

Microbiology Content

Oceanography Content

Physics Content

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the methods of observing the universe

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about Earth and moon system

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the terrestrial planets

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the gas giants

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about non-planetary solar system objects

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about physical characteristics of the sun

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about physical characteristics of stars

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about stellar evolution

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the Milky Way and other galaxies

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about cosmology and our place in the universe

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on employing the use of Standard Laboratory Operating Procedures (SLOP) throughout the course

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the bioengineering field and its application in society

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information focused on the ethical and legal issues arising from the application of bioengineering

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about career opportunities in the field of bioscience

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how basic chemistry concepts affect living organisms

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on applying technologies used in the life science industry

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the development and delivery of bioengineering to the marketplace

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the role of cellular transport in maintaining homeostasis

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze the role of the cell cycle in maintaining genetic continuity

ask questions to investigate and provide explanations on the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the energy exchange of organisms, examining their function in the cycling of matter and the flow of energy in ecosystems

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding processes that result in heritable genetic variation

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how genetic engineering techniques can manipulate DNA and lead to advancements in society

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explore the theory of evolution

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the mechanisms through which populations evolve

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how changes in the environment have contributed to speciation and biodiversity

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to illustrate the organization of interacting systems within single celled and multi-celled organisms

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to assess the interdependence of all organisms on one another and their environment

plan and carry out appropriate safety practices for equipment used for all classroom laboratory and field experiences

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the chemical and physical properties of matter resulting from the ability of atoms to form bonds

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the use of the modern atomic theory and periodic law to explain the characteristics of atoms and elements

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the Law of Conservation of Matter is used to determine chemical composition in compounds and chemical reactions

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties that describe solutions and the nature of acids and bases

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the Kinetic Molecular Theory to model atomic and molecular motion in chemical and physical processes

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how to refine the design of a chemical system by applying engineering principles to manipulate the factors that affect a chemical reaction

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the composition and formation of Earth systems, including Earth's place in the solar system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to understand how plate tectonics create certain geologic features, landforms, Earth materials, and geologic hazards

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explore the actions of water, wind, ice, and gravity as they relate to landscape change

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to understand how rock relationships and fossils are used to reconstruct Earth's past

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the interaction of solar energy and Earth's systems to produce weather and climate

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how life on Earth responds to and shapes Earth's systems

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to investigate the flow of energy and cycling of matter within an ecosystem

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to construct explanations of stability and change in Earth's ecosystems

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the effects of human population growth, activities, and technology on global ecosystems

0btain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how humans impact land resources and construct explanations of the potential effects of habitat destruction, erosion, pollution and depletion of soil fertility as a result of human activities

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze human impact on water

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze human impact on the atmosphere

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze human impact on the conservation of biodiversity

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the use and conservation of the various forms of energy resources

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about how forensic science is the application of science to the law

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the proper techniques to search, isolate, collect, and record physical and trace evidence at a crime scene

obtain, evaluate and communicate information regarding how the body is used as evidence, including the use of models to determine time of death

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding physical evidence used in forensic investigations

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding trace evidence

obtain, evaluate and communicate information regarding the role of ballistics, fingerprints and other impressions evidence in forensic investigations

obtain, evaluate and communicate information used to investigate how document examiners analyze questioned documents involved in forensic investigation

obtain, evaluate and communicate information identifying and analyzing the use of toxins and drugs in forensic investigations

obtain, evaluate and communicate information identifying and analyzing the use of serology in forensic investigations

obtain, evaluate and communicate information identifying and analyzing the use of DNA in forensic investigations

obtain, evaluate and communicate information used to investigate evidence involving arson and explosives

obtain, evaluate and communicate information as it pertains to cybercrimes in forensic investigations

obtain, evaluate, and communicate the relationship between anatomical structure and physiological processes

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the function of integumentary system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the structure and function of the skeletal system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the structure and function of the muscular system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the function of cardiovascular and respiratory system in the transport and exchange of materials throughout the body

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the structure and function of the digestive system and the excretory system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the structure and function of the reproductive system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the structure and function of the nervous system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the structure and function of the endocrine system

obtain, evaluate, and communicate the interdependence of the systems of the body

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information showing the impact of the invention of the microscope on the field of microbiology

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to discriminate between abiogenisis and biogenesis

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information in order to investigate the germ theory

obtain, evaluate and communicate proper microscopic techniques when preparing microscope slides

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about how to identify and control variables in order to maintain pure bacterial cultures

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the effectiveness of physical and chemical agents on controlling bacterial growth

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about common microbial diseases

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about different aseptic techniques

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about cellular differences that are used in the classification of microbes

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the characteristics of viruses

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the societal and economic impact of viruses

obtain, evaluate and communicate disease terminology

obtain, evaluate and communicate information regarding major industrial processes involving foods

obtain, evaluate and communicate information regarding the different methods of food-processing and storage and how these processes might relate to microbial growth

obtain, evaluate and communicate the role of microorganisms in agriculture

obtain, evaluate and communicate the role of microorganisms play to water quality and waste-water treatment

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression in microbes

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding models that explain the origin of Earth and oceans

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the theory of global plate tectonics

obtain, evaluate and communicate information regarding different types of marine sediments

obtain, evaluate, and communication information regarding the properties of water

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the chemical characteristics of seawater (pH, density and dissolved oxygen)

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding light and sound movement through water

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the interaction of the atmosphere and seawater

obtain, evaluate, and communicate data on atmosphere's greenhouse effect and implications of this effect for the future

obtain, evaluate, communicate information regarding the characteristics of a wave and relate those characteristics to ocean phenomena

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about how nonliving components of marine habitats determine the biological diversity of coastal water, estuaries, lagoons and marginal seas

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the cycling of matter and the flow of energy among organisms in marine ecosystems

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the identification and characteristics of marine organisms found in the pelagic and benthic ocean

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration as functions of time for one-dimensional motion

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration as functions of time for two-dimensional motion

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how forces affect the motion of objects

obtain, evalulate, and communicate information to identify the force or force component responsible for causing an object to move along a circular path

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the importance of law of conservation of energy in predicting the behavior of physical systems

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the importance of Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum in predicting the behavior of physical systems

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about electrical force interactions

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about electrical circuits

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about electrical and magnetic force interactions

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties and applications of mechanical waves and sound

obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the properties and applications of electromagnetic waves

plan and carry out investigations, using lenses and mirrors, to identify the behavior of light

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about nuclear changes of matter and related technological applications

Carry out investigations of the properties of electromagnetic radiation

Carry out investigations about the various types of telescopes.

Carry out investigations of the properties of the Earth and the Moon.

Use models to obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between the Earth and the Moon.

Evaluate and communicate evidence about the exploration of the moon

Carry out investigations of the properties of the terrestrial planets

Use mathematics and computational thinking to construct an explanation of planetary motion

Carry out investigations of terrestrial planet exploration

Carry out investigations of the properties of the Jovian planets

Engage in argument from evidence about possible methods to discover planets beyond Saturn that are not visible to the unaided eye

Carry out investigations of natural satellites of the outer solar system

Use a model to communicate the possible origin of rings around the gas giants

Ask questions about non-planetary objects in the solar system

Engage in argument from evidence about the classification of dwarf planets

Carry out investigations of the properties of the Sun

Engage in argument from evidence about the Sun's energy production

Carry out investigations of the properties of stars

Construct explanations of the various methods of stellar observation

Carry out an investigation into the life cycle of stars

Analyze and interpret data to predict the life cycle of various types of stars

Analyze and interpret data to classify the types of stellar explosions

Carry out investigations of the various classifications of galaxies

Construct explanations of various methods to measure the distance to far away galaxies

Ask questions about the mechanisms involved in the formation and evolution of galaxies

Investigate and define problems with early civilizations' concepts of the universe

Use the big bang model to construct explanations for the past, present and future state of the universe

Carry out investigations into the detection and characterization of exoplanets

Engage in argument from evidence about the possibility of life outside Earth

Set up and maintain a legal scientific notebook in order to communicate information

Measure volume accurately using graduated cylinders, pipets, and micropipettes

Measure mass accurately using electronic balances

use computational thinking to calculate and prepare solutions based on mass/volume, % mass/volume, and molar concentration

prepare solutions of calculated volume and concentration

prepare solutions from stock concentrated solutions

calculate and perform serial dilutions

plan and carry out investigations demonstrating correct skills and use of common lab equipment

use models to explain the steps in cell culture, sterile technique, and media preparations

plan and carry out investigations investigations using correct microscope use and slide preparation techniques, including simple and Gram staining

record measurements and calculations adhering to significant figure rules

use models to implement SDS and NFPA information to ensure workplace safety

analyze, interpret data, and identify and/or calculate experimental error

engaging in argument from evidence regarding the importance of accuracy and precision during investigations

define terms commonly used in the bioengineering field

use models to identify and use applications of bioengineering in society

engaging in argument from evidence regarding the history and use of model organisms in bioengineering

engage in arguments related to the concerns focused on genetically modified foods, cloning, bioterrorism, gene therapy, and stem cells

analyze and discuss the ethical and legal issues related to bioengineering

ask questions and analyze possible contamination factors and how they may impact bioengineering protocols

explore bioengineering career diversity

support arguments for pursuing careers in bioengineering at differing entry levels

develop and use models to demonstrate literacy and performance based skills used in the bioengineering field

compare and contrast cellular design and function in plant, animal, and bacterial cells

develop and use models to promote cell growth under aseptic conditions

plan and carry out investigations monitoring the growth of cell cultures

use models to describe the structure and function of the four organic macromolecules that comprise cells including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

plan and carry out investigations with macromolecules using indicator tests including Biuret, Benedict's, and Lugols

use the central dogma of biological sciences to model and communicate the role of DNA in organisms(DNA → RNA → protein → function)

compare and contrast cell growth and reproduction, DNA replication, mitosis and meiosis, and protein synthesis

use models to analyze nucleic acid structure and function

carry out investigations in order to extract genomic DNA from cells

carry out investigations in order to prepare, load, run, and visualize DNA samples on agarose gel

carry out Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to manipulate DNA

engage in arguments and provide examples of the importance of genetic variation in a gene pool

use models to analyze the relationship between protein structure and function

carry out investigations to analyze protein concentration in solution.

carry out investigations in order to prepare, load, run, and visualize protein samples on polyacrylamide gel

plan and carry out investigations exploring the use of enzymes in bioengineering

analyze and interpret enzyme activity assays

use models to describe the properties of buffers and solutions

use pH paper and meter models to measure and adjust the pH of a solution

analyze how pH affects protein structure and function

use models to show how assays for reactants and products can be used to indicate the presence or activity of an enzyme

construct explanations of the role ELISA assays play in industry

plan and carry out investigations to conduct an ELISA assay testing the presence of a protein

use models to show the use and applications of a spectrophotometer

use models to describe genetic manipulation and the use of recombinant DNA

plan and carry out investigations conducting bacterial transformation

use models to argue the research application of genetically modified organisms

explore the use of antigens and antibodies in immunological bioengineering

use models and computational thinking to run guided queries, such as BLAST, as an introduction to bioinformatics

use models and databases to analyze genomic and proteomic query results

use models to review current trends in the bioengineering industry

develop and use models used during bioengineering product development(product pipeline)

identify several products created using recombinant DNA technology

use models to describe the use of plant extracts in the pharmaceutical industry

plan and carry out investigations testing plant extracts for anti- microbial activity

use models to examine and argue the role of regulatory agencies and processes used in bioengineering

Construct a written argument that demonstrates an understanding that the ability of a macromolecule to carry out a specific cellular process is determined by its subcomponents (monomers).

Construct a written explanation of how cell structures and organelles (including nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, lysosome, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, ribosomes, and mitochondria) interact as a system to maintain cellular homeostasis.

Plan and carry out investigations to determine the role of cellular transport (examples of active and passive transport) in maintaining homeostasis.

Develop and use models to explain the purpose of mitosis in cellular growth and repair.

Plan and carry out investigations to illustrate the limits of surface area to volume ratio and how this impacts cellular homeostasis. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Use mathematical and computational thinking to examine the relationship between surface area-to-volume ratios as cell size changes.

Develop and use models to investigate the structure, function, and renewable nature of ADP/ATP and their role in providing energy for cellular processes.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the inputs, outputs, and general functions of the sub-processes of photosynthesis (light/dark reactions) and cellular respiration (glycolysis/Krebs/Electron Transport).

Construct a written argument that illustrates an understanding of the interdependence of these two processes; and the role of these processes in energy flow through ecosystems as well as the cycling of matter between living and nonliving components of ecosystems. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding how organisms derive energy in the presence or absence of oxygen. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Ask questions regarding the role of macromolecules in the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Use mathematical and computational thinking to examine the structure of DNA and RNA using the rules of base pairing.

Develop and use models to examine the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication.

Construct a written explanation of how the structures of both DNA and RNA lead to the expression of information within the cell via transcription and translation.

Construct an argument based on evidence to support the claim that heritable genetic variations may result from various process such as crossing over during meiosis, non-lethal DNA errors, and/or environmental factors (radiation, chemicals, and viruses).

Analyze and interpret data to investigate how various types of point mutations affect genetic variation (insertions, deletions, substitutions).

Develop and use models to investigate how meiosis produces four genetically different daughter cells by undergoing two cellular divisions.

Ask questions and define problems that explain the relationship between Mendel's laws (segregation and independent assortment) and the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding errors in meiosis (nondisjunction) and how they may contribute to certain human genetic disorders resulting from monosomy and trisomy.

Construct a written argument to support a claim about the relative advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Develop and use models to investigate probabilities of inheritance (monohybrid and dihybrid Punnett squares).

Develop and use models to illustrate how traits are passed to subsequent generations (pedigree analysis).

Ask questions to gather and communicate information about the use and ethical considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine and agriculture using current advancements (DNA fingerprinting, recombinant DNA, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, cloning, pesticide/antibiotic resistance and GMOs).

Ask questions and propose explanations to explore the history of evolutionary thought (Lamarck and Darwin).

Construct a written argument that supports the idea that genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive more than others.

Engage in argument from evidence that investigates the evolutionary consequences of sexual and asexual reproduction strategies.

Construct an argument using valid and reliable sources to support the claim that evidence from comparative morphology (analogous vs. homologous structures), embryology, biochemistry (protein sequence) and genetics support the theory that all living organisms are related by way of common descent.

Develop and use mathematical models to support explanations of how undirected (random) genetic changes in natural selection and genetic drift have led to changes in populations of organisms. • Honors/Gifted Extensions: Use mathematical and computational thinking to calculate changes in allele frequency using Hardy Weinberg.

Engage in argument from evidence that illustrates that natural selection acts on genetic variation and leads to adaptations.

Ask questions regarding biodiversity in various biomes and define challenges organisms may face in those environments.

Construct an explanation that demonstrates how understanding the age of the earth has influenced our understanding of the evolution of new species from preexisting species.

Analyze and interpret data from DNA sequences and phylogenetic trees to understand the genetic similarities among related species.

Ask questions and construct explanations to explain patterns in biodiversity that result from speciation (i.e. convergent and coevolution; adaptive radiation, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium).

Construct a written explanation of the endosymbiotic theory as evidence for existence of eukaryotic organisms.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to show a comparison of the basic characteristics of the clades of life (mode of nutrition, cell type, method of reproduction, presence/absence of cell wall, environment, motility).

Analyze and interpret data based on patterns of common ancestry and the theory of evolution to determine relationships among major groups of organisms.

Develop and use models (cladograms and phylogenetic trees) to investigate how derived characteristics can be used to hypothesize the order in which groups of species have descended from a common ancestor.

Engage in argument from evidence to compare and contrast the characteristics of viruses to living organisms. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Analyze and interpret data from DNA and protein sequences to investigate the relatedness of various species.

Develop and use models to explore the biogeochemical cycles (C, H, O, N, and P) and explain the need for cycling of these nutrients within and between ecosystems.

Develop and use models to arrange components of a food web according to energy flow.

Plan and carry out investigations and analyze data to support explanations about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems including size, carrying capacity, response to limiting factors, and keystone species.

Construct a written argument to predict the impact of environmental change on the stability of an ecosystem (primary and secondary succession).

Design a solution to reduce the impact of a human activity on the environment (may include chemical use, natural resources consumption, introduction of nonnative species, climate change.) • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Plan and carry out an investigation to examine impact of human activity on the environment.

Follow correct procedures for use of scientific apparatus. Clarification statement: students should be taught the correct method of reading each apparatus and proper estimation of the last digit.

Demonstrate appropriate techniques in all laboratory situations

Follow correct protocol for identifying and reporting safety problems and violations

Plan and carry out an investigation about the physical and chemical properties at the macroscopic scale.

Use mathematics, computational, and conceptual thinking to calculate density (mass and volume also) and understand the mass and volume relationship to density and incorporate a discussion on accuracy and precision.

Construct an explanation about the importance of molecular-level structure in the functioning of designed materials.

Develop and use models to evaluate bonding configurations from nonpolar covalent to ionic bonding. (Clarification statement: VSEPR theory is not addressed in this element.)

Ask questions about chemical names and formulas to identify patterns in IUPAC nomenclature in order to transition between chemical names and formulas for ionic (binary and ternary), and inorganic covalent compounds.

Plan and carry out an investigation to gather evidence to compare the physical and chemical properties at the macroscopic scale to infer the strength of intermolecular and intramolecular forces.

Construct an argument by applying principles of inter- and intra- molecular forces to identify substances based on chemical and physical properties.

Ask questions about chemical names to identify patterns in IUPAC nomenclature in order to transition between the chemical names and formulas of acidic compounds.

Evaluate merits and limitations of different models (Clarification statement: Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr and the current model) of the atom in relation to relative size, charge, and position of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the atom.

Construct an argument to support the claim that the proton (and not the neutron or electron) defines the element's identity.

Construct an explanation that relates the relative abundance of isotopes of a particular element to the atomic mass of the element.

Use mathematics, computational and conceptual thinking to calculate average atomic mass and understand the relationship between relative abundance and average atomic mass.

Construct an explanation based on scientific evidence of the production of elements heavier than hydrogen by nuclear fusion.

Construct an explanation of light emission- and the movement of electrons to identify elements (using a flame test).

Develop and use models, including electron configuration of atoms and ions, to predict an element's chemical properties.

Use the periodic table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms (i.e. including atomic radii, ionization energy, and electronegativity of various elements)

Construct an explanation about the relationship between the reactivity of an element and its position on the periodic table.

Predict the products of single and double displacement reactions based on the valence electron states of atoms.

Construct an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to balance chemical reactions (i.e., synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion).

Plan and carry out an investigation to determine and use data to justify that a new chemical has formed by identifying indicators of a chemical reaction (specifically precipitate formation, gas evolution, color change, water production, and changes in energy to system).

Use mathematics and computational thinking to apply concepts of the mole and Avogadro's number to conceptualize and calculate percent composition, emperical/molecular formulas, and mass, mole and particle relationships.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to identify and solve different types of reaction stoichiometry problems (i.e., mass to moles, mass to mass, moles to moles, and percent yield) using significant figures.

Plan and carry out an investigation to demonstrate the conceptual principle of limiting reactants.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to apply concepts of the mole and Avogadro's number to conceptualize and calculate molar volume of gases

Develop a model to illustrate the process of dissolving in terms of solvation versus dissociation (covalent vs. ionic).

Plan and carry out an investigation to evaluate the factors that affect the rate at which a solute (solid or gas) dissolves in a specific solvent.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to evaluate commercial products (examples may include; saline, glucose, vinegar) in terms of their concentrations (i.e., molarity and percent by mass).

Communicate scientific and technical information on how to prepare and properly label solutions of specified molar concentration.

Develop and use a model to explain the effects of a solute on boiling point and freezing point.

Construct a solubility curve and interpret it based on saturated and unsaturated solutions to explain the relationship between solubility and temperature.

Ask questions to evaluate merits and limitations of the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry models of acid and bases.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to compare, contrast, and evaluate the nature of acids and bases in terms of percent dissociation, hydronium ion concentration, and pH.

Plan and carry out an investigation to explore acid-base neutralization.

Plan and carry out an investigation to calculate the amount of heat absorbed or released by chemical or physical processes.

Construct an explanation using a heating curve as evidence of the effects of energy and intermolecular forces on phase changes.

Develop and use models to quantitatively, conceptually, and graphically represent the relationships between pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas. (i.e. Boyle's, Charles', Gay-Lussac's, and Ideal Gas Law)

Construct an argument using collision theory (activation energy, orientation, nature of reactants) and transition state theory to explain the role of activation energy in chemical reactions.

Construct an explanation of the effects of a catalyst on chemical reactions and apply it to everyday examples.

Plan and carry out an investigation to provide evidence of the effects of changing concentration, temperature, and pressure on chemical reactions.

Refine the design of a chemical system by altering the conditions that would change forward and reverse reaction rates and the amount of products at equilibrium.

Construct an explanation of the origins of the solar system from scientific evidence including the composition, distribution, and motion of solar system objects.

Ask questions to evaluate evidence for the development and composition of Earth's early systems, including the geosphere (crust, mantle, and core), hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

Develop a model of the physical composition of Earth's layers using multiple types of evidence (e.g., Earth's magnetic field, composition of meteorites and seismic waves).

Construct an explanation that describes radioactive decay as the source of energy that drives plate tectonics through the process of convection.

Develop and use models for the different types of plate tectonic settings (convergent, divergent and transform boundaries).

Construct an explanation that communicates the relationship of geologic features, landforms, Earth materials and geologic hazards to each plate tectonic setting.

Ask questions to compare and contrast the relationship between transformation processes of all rock types (sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic) and specific plate tectonic settings.

Construct an argument using multiple forms of evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics (e.g., fossils, paleomagnetism, seafloor age, etc.).

Plan and carry out an investigation that demonstrates how surface water and groundwater act as the major agents of physical and chemical weathering.

Develop a model of the processes and geologic hazards that result from both sudden and gradual mass wasting.

Construct an explanation that relates the past and present actions of ice, wind, and water to landform distribution and landscape change.

Construct an argument based on evidence that relates the characteristics of the sedimentary materials to the energy by which they were transported and deposited.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to calculate the absolute age of rocks using a variety of methods (e.g., radiometric dating, rates of erosion, rates of deposition, and varve count).

Construct an argument applying principles of relative age (superposition, original horizontality, cross-cutting relations, and original lateral continuity) to interpret a geologic cross-section and describe how unconformities form.

Analyze and interpret data from rock and fossil succession in a rock sequence to interpret major events in Earth's history such as mass extinction, major climatic change, and tectonic events.

Construct an explanation applying the principle of uniformitarianism to show the relationship between sedimentary rocks and their fossils to the environments in which they were formed.

Construct an argument using spatial representations of Earth data that interprets major transitions in Earth's history from the fossil and rock record of geologically defined areas.

Develop and use models to explain how latitudinal variations in solar heating create differences in air pressure, global wind patterns, and ocean currents that redistribute heat globally.

Analyze and interpret data (e.g., maps, meteograms, and weather apps) that demonstrate how the interaction and movement of air masses creates weather.

Construct an argument that predicts weather patterns based on interactions among ocean currents, air masses, and topography.

Analyze and interpret data to show how temperature and precipitation produce the pattern of climate regions (zones) on Earth.

Construct an explanation that describes the conditions that generate extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms) and the hazards associated with these events.

Construct an argument relating changes in global climate to variation in Earth/sun relationships and atmospheric composition.

Construct an argument from evidence that describes how life has responded to major events in Earth's history (e.g., major climatic change, tectonic events) through extinction, migration, and/or adaptation.

Construct an explanation that describes how biological processes have caused major changes in Earth's systems through geologic time (e.g., nutrient cycling, atmospheric composition, and soil formation).

Ask questions to investigate and communicate how humans depend on Earth's land and water resources, which are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geological and environmental processes.

Analyze and interpret data that relates changes in global climate to natural and anthropogenic modification of Earth's atmosphere and oceans.

Develop and use a model to compare and analyze the levels of biological organization including organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biosphere.

Develop and use a model based on the Laws of Thermodynamics to predict energy transfers throughout an ecosystem (food chains, food webs, and trophic levels).

Analyze and interpret data to construct an argument of the necessity of biogeochemical cycles (hydrologic, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon) to support a sustainable ecosystem.

Evaluate claims, evidence, and reasoning of the relationship between the physical factors (e.g., insolation, proximity to coastline, topography) and organismal adaptations (including the influence of evolutionary processes) within terrestrial biomes.

Analyze and interpret data related to short- term and long-term natural cyclic fluctuations associated with climate change.

Construct an argument to predict changes in biomass, biodiversity, and complexity within ecosystems, in terms of ecological succession.

Construct explanations about the quality of life and human impact on the environment in terms of population growth, education, and gross national product.

Analyze and interpret data on global patterns of population growth (fertility and mortality rates) and demographic transitions in developing and developed countries.

Construct explanations of the actual and potential effects of habitat destruction, erosion, and depletion of soil fertility associated with human activities.

Design and defend a sustainability plan to reduce your individual contribution to environmental impacts, taking into account how market forces and societal demands (including political, legal, social and economic) influence personal choices.

Identify the major ecological services that are provided by land resources (forestry, agriculture, ranching, mining, and urbanization) and how the land is used to obtain resources, provide food, shelter, and transport goods.

Design, evaluate, and refine solutions for managing the acquisition, production, distribution, consumption, and disposal of natural resources in the form of consumer goods.

Engage in argument from evidence on how human population growth affects food demand and food supply (GMOs, monocultures, desertification, Green Revolution).

Use models to relate the hydrologic cycle to water use, pollution, and conservation.

Engage in arguments the effectiveness of the EPA's role in water conservation using current pollution laws and treaties

Use mathematical and computational thinking to explain how much water is available for human use.

Plan and carry out an investigation of how chemical and physical properties impact aquatic biomes in Georgia, such as dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nitrogen, phosphorus.

Analyze and interpret data to show the layers of the atmosphere and the composition of air.

Describe the formation of primary, secondary, and indoor air pollutants.

Identify and compare the effectiveness of various pollution control devices.

Analyze and interpret data on the social, political, and economic influences of air pollution and control.

Investigate the historical perspective of the environmental conservation movement.

Construct an argument to support a claim about the value of biodiversity in ecosystem resilience including keystone, invasive, native, re-introduced, endemic, indicator, and endangered species.

Discuss the process of developing and instituting national and global environmental conservation standards.

Analyze and interpret data to communicate information on the origin and consumption of renewable forms of energy (wind, solar, geothermal, biofuel, and tidal) and non-renewable energy sources (fossils fuels and nuclear energy).

Construct an arguments based on data about the risks and benefits of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.

Analyze and interpret data to predict the sustainability potential of renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

Design and defend a sustainable energy plan based on scientific principles for your Georgia school location.

Construct explanations concerning major historic Forensic Science contributors including Locard and the Exchange principle.

List and explore the differences between the four major federal crime labs.

Explore analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, and microscopy.

Understand the Frye principle and Daubert ruling and their implications.

Model the major roles and responsibilities of a forensic scientist specialist.

Discuss current and historic criminal cases as they apply to the study of forensic science.

Analyze and demonstrate the steps to be taken for thoroughly recording a crime scene.

Collect, evaluate and classify evidence as individual or class.

Model principles of chain of custody.

Demonstrate the correct techniques for collecting physical and biological evidence.

Describe the use of computer databases in forensic investigations (such as CODIS).

Construct explanations regarding manner, mechanism, and cause of death.

Plan and carry out investigations using the steps performed during an autopsy.

Develop and use models to gather and interpret data regarding rigor mortis, algor mortis, livor mortis and the stages of decomposition.

Use mathematical and computational thinking to relate the time of death with the progression of insect development at the crime scene.

Use models to gather data to determine age, sex, race, and height from anthropological evidence.

List the physical characteristics and chemical makeup of glass.

Plan and carry out investigations to differentiate types of glass based on manufacturing, index of refraction, and density.

Analyze glass fractures to determine impact characteristics and forensic value.

Plan and carry out chemical and physical tests to identify soil and sand evidence.

Analyze and interpret data to identify the gross morphological features common to various hair samples.

Construct explanations in differentiating between animal and human hair.

Collect and evaluate the gross morphological and chemical features of fabric and fiber evidence.

Identify the three major fingerprint patterns and their respective subclasses for personal identification purposes.

Identify and classify ridge characteristics of fingerprints.

Compare and contrast visible, plastic and latent fingerprints.

Explore experimentally methods to develop and preserve fingerprints at a crime scene such as dusting, lifting and super glue fuming

Explore ballistic evidence recovered at a crime scene.

Describe laboratory testing for ballistic evidence.

Analyze the physics of ballistic trajectory to predict range of firing.

Analyze and interpret methods used to determine authenticity of documents such as chromatography and ink analysis.

List and evaluate common characteristics used in handwriting analysis.

Name and classify common drugs according to drug schedules and their effects on the body.

Describe the factors involved in psychological and physical dependency of drugs.

Plan and carry out investigations used to identify drugs.

Research toxins, their effects on the body and detection techniques.

Compare the effects of alcohol on blood alcohol levels with regard to gender, and according to the law.

Explain how blood type and corresponding cell markers contribute to individualization.

Plan and carry out investigations for blood splatter analysis.

Describe the forensic techniques used to distinguish human and animal blood.

Compare modern DNA typing technologies including short tandem repeats (STR), gel electrophoresis and DNA fingerprinting.

Describe how DNA databases are used for identification in legal proceedings.

Differentiate between combustion and explosion.

Explain how hydrocarbons and explosives are classified.

Evaluate possible indicators of arson and criminal bombing.

Develop and use a model to compare positive and negative feedback loops in homeostasis.

Analyze and interpret data from case studies to indicate the relationship between homeostatic balance in the body and diseases and disorders.

Apply standard terminology to name and describe body features and positions.

Construct an explanation describing how the structure of the cell relates to the function of tissues.

Develop and use models to describe the different layers of the dermis and their accessory structures.

Construct an explanation relating the structure of the integumentary system to its functional role in protecting the body and maintaining homeostasis

Engage in argument from evidence of the various conditions that change normal body functions (e.g. tissue rejection, allergies, injury, diseases, and disorders) and the body's response to them.

Construct explanations investigating the effects on aging in the integumentary system.

Develop and use models to explain how the skeletal structures provide support and protection for tissues.

Engage in argument from evidence of the various conditions that change normal body functions (e.g. tissue rejection, allergies, injury, diseases, and disorders) and the body's response to them.

Construct explanations investigating the effects on aging in the skeletal system.

Develop a model to explain how the muscular system provides support and protection for tissues

Develop a model illustrating the movement of major muscle groups and muscle contraction

Construct explanations investigating the effects on aging in the muscular system.

Develop and use models to illustrate the circulatory pathway from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart.

Develop and use models to demonstrate the exchange of gases within the respiratory and cardiovascular system.

Use mathematics to illustrate the movement of the gases from the alveoli in the lungs to the red blood cells.

Develop and use models to communicate the movement of the blood from the heart to the different parts of the body.

Describe the general defense mechanisms of the immune and lymphatic systems as it relates to the cardiovascular system.

Develop and use models to communicate the different structures of the respiratory system in gas exchange.

Develop and use models to communicate the different structures of the digestive system.

Construct an explanation for the mechanical and chemical digestive processes that take place throughout the digestive system.

Develop and use models to communicate the different structures and functions of the excretory system.

Construct explanations to examine the elimination of nitrogenous wastes and the maintenance of fluid balance.

Develop and use models to communicate the different structures and functions of the male and female reproductive system.

Describe how hormones regulate reproductive organs.

Develop and use models to illustrate the stages of human embryology and gestation.

Construct explanations describing gestational and congenital disorders (ectopic pregnancy, cleft palate, and fetal alcohol syndrome).

Develop a model to communicate the stages of development from birth to adulthood.

Develop and use models to communicate the different structures and functions of a neuron.

Develop and use a model to investigate the physiology of electrochemical impulses and neural integration.

Develop and use models to illustrate the different functional areas of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem).

Develop and use models to communicate the different functional aspects of the brain (Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, and Peripheral Nervous System)

Develop and use models to investigate the different anatomical and physiological aspects of sensory organs.

Construct explanations investigating the effects on aging in the body systems.

Develop and use models to communicate how hormones are used in both the positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

Engage in an argument from evidence to assess the integration and coordination of body systems and their dependence on the endocrine and nervous system.

describe the contributions of Robert Hooke, Antoni Van Leuwenhoek, Zaccharias Janssen, Hans Janssen, & Marcello Malpighi

engage in argument from evidence in order to refute spontaneous generation

develop and use models to investigate, how Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

ask questions about how Robert Koch's work on anthrax proved a microorganism was the cause of disease

Model Koch's postulates and show their application to his work with tuberculosis

use mathematical and computational thinking to analyze the societal and economic impact of contributions of the following men in microbiology: John Snow, Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, and Alexander Fleming, Ignaz Semmelweis, Christian Gram, Jonas Salk, and Carl Woesse

identify parts of the microscope

demonstrate the proper function of each part of the microscope when focusing a slide including oil immersion

plan and carry out investigations that require a wet mount in a laboratory setting

plan and carry out investigations to fix and stain slides using simple staining methods

plan and carry out investigations to fix and stain slides using differential staining methods

develop and use a model to accurately draw and measure microbes present on prepared or stained slides

ask questions to investigate growth requirements of microorganisms

differentiate aerobes and anaerobes, both facultative and obligative

plan and carry out investigations to understand the process of broth and agar media preparation

plan and carry out investigations to inoculate aseptically broth and agar media

plan and carry out investigations to isolate a bacterial colony to establish a pure culture

identify broth morphology, colony morphology, or cell morphology for appropriate samples

construct explanations about the effects of certain variables on bacterial growth (e.g., pH, temperature, oxygen requirements, water availability, and nutrient requirements)

plan and carry out investigations to demonstrate the effectiveness of household antiseptics and disinfectants in controlling bacterial growth

plan and carry out investigations demonstrating the control of bacterial growth by antibiotics

construct explanations about the control methods/levels in different environments such as hospitals, food packaging facilities, restaurants, schools, and households

evaluate normal and pathogenic flora associated with skin and wounds

evaluate normal and pathogenic flora associated with the respiratory system

evaluate normal and pathogenic flora associated with the digestive system

evaluate normal and pathogenic flora associated with the genito-urinary system

evaluate normal and pathogenic flora associated with the nervous system

evaluate normal and pathogenic flora associated with the blood and lymphatic system

construct explanations for the process of high pressure steam sterilization

construct explanations for filtration methods used to remove microbes from the environment

develop and use models for aseptic handling techniques to accomplish sterile transfers of microbes in the laboratory setting

ask questions about dry and moist heat control methods

engage in argument from evidence about the classification archaebacteria

identify prokaryotic cell structures

identify eukaryotic cell structures

engage in argument from evidence about the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

engage in argument from evidence about the classification of bacteria, archaebacteria, spirochetes, and cyanobacteria as prokaryotic organisms

engage in argument from evidence about the classification of fungi, protists, and multicellular parasites as eukaryotic organisms

identify different shapes and arrangements of bacteria cells and their appropriate terminology

ask questions about the similarities and differences between endospores and capsules

identify common cyanobacteria

ask questions about the similarities and differences between photosynthetic protist phyla

engage in argument from evidence about the major divisions of the fungi kingdom including ascomycetes, zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and deuteromycetes

engage in argument from evidence about the major phyla of protozoans including Sarcomastigophora (flagellates and amoeboids), Ciliophora, and Apicomplexa

identify motility structures

ask questions about the similarities and differences between viruses, bacterial cells, and a eukaryotic cells

develop and use models to describe the structure of a phage virus

analyze and interpret data to explain the basis for classification of viruses in terms of host specificity

develop and use models to describe the life cycles of a virus including lytic and lysogenic cycles

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about common illnesses whose causative agent is a virus including polio, influenza, smallpox, measles, rabies, tumor viruses, common cold, hepatitis, and AIDS

ask questions about the means of transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of these common viral diseases

analyze and interpret data pertaining to the economic importance of transduction

engage in argument from evidence about the societal and economic importance of viruses

obtain, evaluate and communicate disease terminology (including epidemic, quarantine, immunization)

develop and use models to simulate the spread of an outbreak, epidemic and a pandemic including determination of the index case and methods of transmission

plan and carry out investigations using descriptive, analytical, and experimental epidemiological studies

analyze and interpret data dealing with infectious diseases

obtain, evaluate and communicate information regarding common bacterial diseases

construct explanations about the process of pasteurization and its effect on the number of microbes

obtain, evaluate and communicate common examples of fermentation

plan and carry out investigations to show at least one example of fermentation

develop and use models to show food spoilage in terms of causes, processing, and storage consideration

use mathematical and computational thinking to estimate the number of microbes in fresh foods using serial dilutions and plate counts

plan and carry out investigations relating to methods of food preservation

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about the reduction of microbes during the food canning process

engage in argument from evidence pertaining to the major genera responsible for food poisoning

construct explanations for proper preparation, storage, cooking, and holding temperatures of different foods in order to remove pathogenic microbes

Analyze and interpret data pertaining to the impact of microbial food-processing technology on the quality of life today

Analyze and interpret data showing that microorganisms are the prime geochemical agents in the formation of soils, when considering soil formation

Plan and carry out investigations to show the beneficial effects of microbes in agriculture

Construct explanations for the role of microorganisms in the cycle of elements between an organic state and an inorganic state

Analyze and interpret data pertaining to the harmful effects of microbes in agriculture

engage in arguments from evidence the necessity of water to the existence of life as the universal solvent upon which all life is dependent

ask questions about organic and inorganic contaminants in water

ask questions about potable water and identify drinking water standards

plan and carry out investigations that test to insure the quality of water

construct explanations for the steps in water purification to insure that the water is safe microbiologically and acceptable for domestic use

obtain, evaluate and communicate information about sources of water pollution in terms of natural, domestic, and industrial contributors

ask questions about different sewage treatment systems used in urban rural communities

construct explanations for major water-borne pathogens and the diseases they cause including Vibrio cholerae, Girardia, Cryptosporidium, and Escherichia coli

construct explanations for the molecular basis of transcription, translation, and DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

ask questions about how DNA rearrangements occur in bacteria

analyze and interpret data showing how genetic information is transferred between cells

engage in argument from evidence pertaining to how genetic transfer impacts microbial evolution and how it can be utilized in biotechnological applications

Communicate important achievements in the history of ocean exploration.

Analyze maps of Earth to identify major land masses and oceans.

Identify the ocean floor for geologic features.

Develop and use models to demonstrate of the interaction between plate boundaries.

Construct explanations about how the sea floor spreads to develop various topographic features.

Explain how major marine basin are formed.

Construct explanations of the formation of major structures of the continental margin (shelf, slope, rise, and submarine canyons)

Explain the formation of the major structures of the deep basins (e.g. abyssal plains, ridges, and rises)

Analyze and interpret the origins of marine sediments.

Plan and carry out investigations regarding the properties of both fresh and salt water including cohesion, adhesion, turbidity, surface tension, specific heat, pressure with depth, and penetration of light.

Plan and carry out investigations to determine salinity distribution in seawater by performing experiments using math and computation thinking to determine parts per thousands of salt in a given sample of sea water.

Construct explanations on the layering of the seawater based on temperature and salinity (pycnocline, thermocline and halocline).

Develop and use models to show the order in which the colors of the spectrum are absorbed in ocean water.

Construct models to explain how the uneven heating of the sun creates movement in the atmosphere and the ocean.

Explain the Coriolis effect and its relation to the movement of air and water on the earth.

Analyze and interpret major atmospheric wind patterns and how they are impacted by land masses.

Develop and use a model to demonstrate the water cycle

Develop and use models to demonstrate the major surface and vertical currents in the world ocean.

Analyze and interpret data on southern oscillation events and compare and contrast El Nino and La Nina to the normal condition.

Engage in arguments from evidence (written or oral) about ways to reduce greenhouse gases.

Design a model to demonstrate the greenhouse effect.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding ozone depletion and phytoplankton production.

Use a model to demonstrate the characteristics of a wave and identify the parts of a wave (e.g., crest, trough, wave height, wavelength, steepness, period and frequency)

Use mathematics and computational thinking to calculate wave speed given the wavelength or period of a wave.

Use models and carry out investigations to compare and contrast between wave reflection, diffraction and refraction.

Construct an explanation using a model (i.e., computer simulation) to identify the forces that cause tides AND construct explanations to predict high and low tides using tide tables while identifying tidal bore, neap tide, spring tide and tidal range

Investigate and identify how abiotic factors (latitude, substrate, water velocity, air temperature, water temperature, air exposure) affect marine habitats such as sub-tidal(corals reefs, sea grass beds & kelp forests) and inter-tidal (salt marsh, mangrove forest, sandy beach, tidal flats & rocky/intertidal).

Look at the economic, social, and environmental impacts to loss of these ecosystems.

Construct and design models that show layers/levels of the marine habitat.

Describe the cycling of matter and the flow of energy among organisms in the ecosystem.

Develop a model to predict and show the energy transfer in a marine environment.

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding the distribution of life in the oceans.

Communicate information on the adaptations of various marine organisms to the environment while developing a survey of animal or plant life in a marine ecosystem.

Calculate average velocity, instantaneous velocity, and acceleration in a given frame of reference.

Analyze and interpret data to explain the relationships between, position, velocity, and acceleration using position-time graphs and velocity-time graphs.

Apply appropriate equations for uniformly accelerated motion to solve problems.

Use vector diagrams to show magnitude and direction and to show the addition of parallel and perpendicular vectors.

Analyze and interpret data of two-dimensional motion with constant acceleration.

Construct an explanation based on evidence using Newton's Laws of how forces affect the acceleration of a body.

Develop and use a model of a Free Body Diagram to represent the forces acting on an object (both equilibrium and non-equilibrium).

Use mathematical representations to calculate magnitudes and vector components for typical forces including gravitational force, normal force, friction forces, tension forces, and spring forces.

Plan and carry out an investigation to gather evidence to identify the force or force component responsible for causing an object to move along a circular path.

Calculate the magnitude of a centripetal acceleration.

Develop and use a model to describe the mathematical relationship between mass, distance, and force as expressed by Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation. (Optional Extension: Identify and describe a system of torque-producing forces acting in equilibrium.)

Describe situations in which energy is and is not conserved for a system.

Use mathematics and computational thinking to analyze, evaluate, and apply the principle of conservation of energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem for closed systems.

Define and calculate power.

Describe situations in which momentum is and is not conserved

Construct an argument supported by evidence of the use of the principle of conservation of momentum to describe a physical system.

Develop and use mathematical models and generate diagrams to compare and contrast the electric and gravitational forces between two objects.

Plan and carry out investigations to demonstrate and qualitatively explain charge transfer by conduction, friction, and induction.

Predict changes in electric potential energy for a system of two like and unlike charges.

Explain current flow as the result of potential difference.

Plan and carry out an investigation of voltage, current, resistance, and power for a single resistor circuit.

Compare and contrast series and parallel circuits.

Plan and carry out investigations to clarify the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields.

Demonstrate the interaction of electricity and magnetism by using electricity to create a magnetic field.

Explore experimentally how magnetic induction creates an electric current.

Construct working models of electric motors and generators to show the interplay of electric and magnetic forces.

Develop and use mathematical models to explain mechanical and electromagnetic waves as a propagating disturbance that transfers energy.

Construct an explanation that analyzes the production and characteristics of sound waves.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Plan and carry out investigations examining resonance on a string and resonance in closed and open pipes.

Plan and carry out investigations to characterize the properties and behavior of electromagnetic waves.

Develop and use models to describe and calculate characteristics related to the interference and diffraction of waves (single and double slits).

Plan and carry out investigations to describe common features of light in terms of color, polarization, spectral composition.

Construct optical ray diagrams for lenses, curved mirrors, and plane mirrors and predict the properties (reduced/enlarged, real/virtual, upright/ inverted) of the image.

Perform calculations related to focal length, image distance, object distance and image magnification for thin lenses, curved mirrors, and plane mirrors.

Develop and use models to explain, compare, and contrast nuclear processes including radioactive decay, fission, and fusion.

Construct an argument to compare and contrast mechanisms and characteristics of radioactive decay.

Develop and use mathematical and graphical models to calculate the amount of substance present after a given amount of time based on its half-life and relate this to the law of conservation of mass and energy. (Calculation should be limited to integer multiples of half-life.)

Plan and conduct investigations about the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation

Use mathematical thinking to relate atomic and spectral properties

Construct explanations about the effects of Earth's atmosphere on electromagnetic radiation

Investigate the evolution of telescope design.

Engage in argument from evidence relating the advantages and disadvantages of various telescopes.

Construct explanations for making observations in a variety of wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum.

Define problems with ground-based telescopes and design solutions to overcome these problems.

Use models to explain the eclipses and phases of the moon

Use models to predict tidal effects

Use models to engage in an argument about the origin of the moon

Analyze and interpret data from unmanned lunar missions

Engage in argument from evidence related to lunar landings

Ask questions or define problems to construct explanations regarding future lunar exploration

Analyze the similarities between Earth and the terrestrial planets

Construct explanations for the differences between Earth and the terrestrial planets

Use the heliocentric model to communicate the orbital paths of terrestrial planets

Use computational thinking to define problems with prior models of orbital motion

Plan future investigations of terrestrial planets

Define problems and design solutions for future exploration of terrestrial planets

Analyze the similarities between the terrestrial planets and the gas giants

Construct explanations for the differences between the terrestrial planets and the gas giants

Plan future investigations of outer solar system bodies

Define problems and design solutions for future exploration of outer solar system bodies

Analyze and interpret data to construct explanations about the classification of non-planetary solar system objects

Use models to identify the common areas in the solar system where non-planetary objects are typically found

Analyze and interpret data to construct explanations about the discovery of dwarf planets

Use models to communicate the internal structure of the Sun

Analyze and interpret data to identify and classify solar events

Define problems with prior explanations of the Sun's energy production

Engage in argument from evidence about the relationship between the Sun and life on Earth

Analyze and interpret data to classify stars based on their properties and develop the H-R diagram

Use models to communicate similarities and differences among stars

Carry out an investigation of the methods used to determine the distance to stars

Carry out an investigation of the methods used to determine physical & spectral properties of stars

Develop and use models to construct an explanation the formation of stars from interstellar medium

Use models to communicate the evolutionary pathway of high mass, sun-like and low mass stars

Construct explanations for the formation and relative abundance of the elements in the universe

Use models to explain the presence of various stellar remnants

Use models to classify galaxies based on their properties

Engage in argument from evidence about the relative abundance of types of galaxies

Define problems in measuring the mass of distant galaxies

Use mathematical thinking and Hubble's Law in calculating the distance to a variety of galaxies

Develop a model that demonstrates a conceptual understanding that enzymes speed up chemical reactions such as digestion. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Plan and carry out an investigation to examine the effect of enzymes on living systems.

Ask questions and propose explanations that investigate how missing or damaged organelles affect cellular homeostasis.

Construct a written argument that relates movement of molecules with or against a concentration gradient (or in bulk) to the use of energy.

Ask questions and propose explanations that investigate the response of various types of cells to different external environments.

Plan and carry out investigations that demonstrate the movement of water into and out of a cell depending upon the tonicity of its environment.

Develop and use models to examine protein synthesis by transcribing and translating a gene segment into an amino acid sequence. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Ask questions regarding how mistakes in DNA replication lead to genetic variability.

Develop and use models to investigate how genetic variations arise during meiosis (crossing over, nondisjunction).

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information regarding heritable mutations and how they can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses.

Analyze and interpret evidence to support the claim that heritable information is passed from one generation to another through meiosis followed by fertilization.

Analyze and interpret data to investigate non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance (codominance and incomplete dominance). • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Use mathematics and computational thinking to investigate how rules of probability can be used to examine patterns of inheritance.

Engage in argument from evidence to identify how biotechnology plays a role in economics and society.

Analyze and interpret data resulting from DNA fingerprinting. • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Develop and use models to investigate how restriction enzymes are used to produce recombinant DNA and transgenic organisms.

Analyze and interpret data to explain how environmental pressures act on phenotypes and over time may lead to new species in an ecosystem.

Develop and use models to explain the role of natural selection in developing biological resistance (pesticides, antibiotics, influenza vaccines). • Honors/Accelerated Extension: Develop and use models to illustrate that natural selection can change the distribution phenotypes in three ways (directional, disruptive, stabilizing selection).

Construct a written explanation to analyze the cycling of matter and flow of energy within ecosystems through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

Use mathematical and computational thinking to investigate the quantity of energy transferred between trophic levels in an energy pyramid.

Use mathematical and computational thinking to investigate factors that limit population growth.

Analyze and interpret data to investigate population growth curves (logistical and exponential).

Construct a written explanation of how biodiversity can be affected by environmental changes (temperature, pH, drought, fire).

Plan and carry out investigations to explore the impact of environmental changes on biodiversity within an ecosystem.

Ask Questions (Science) & Define Problems (Engineering) in the role and importance of decomposers in the recycling process.

Use models (to predict or provide evidence) of the plants (flora) and animals (fauna) in biomes.

Analyze and interpret data of annual rainfall accumulations within the various biomes.

Differentiate between weather and climate.

Explain the relationship between temperature, pressure, humidity, and relative humidity of air masses and how it influences the Climate in a region.

Construct explanations of the causes and effects of El Nino on climate. (drought/floods, etc.)

Construct explanations on the effect of Volcanic eruptions on climate (regional and global) and the possible effects on global temperatures.

Engage in argument from evidence on glacial formation and evidence of Ice Ages and how it may be related to global climate change.

Use models to describe/illustrate the process of primary and secondary succession in various environmental settings, with an emphasis on changes in biomass, biodiversity, and complexity.

Construct an explanation of how succession occurs after a traumatic event.

Evaluate the effects of human activities and technology on ecosystems.

Describe the impact of cultural revolutions on the environment and identify the factors which led to them.

Identify the influence of human population changes on cultural revolutions.

Analyze and Interpret Data on population growth factors between developed and developing countries.

Examine factors which affect growth rates and the carrying capacity of the environment.

Develop and use models projections using population determiners such as mortality, immigration, natality, and emigration.

Ask questions and define problems of population growth on societal stability (demographic transitions, cultural differences, and emergent diseases).

Construct explanations and design solutions to understand a nation's goal in protecting the environment.

Analyze and interpret data on the effect and potential implications of pollution and resource depletion on the environment at the local and global levels (e.g. solid waste disposal).

Identify the influence of human population changes on cultural revolutions.

Construct an argument from evidence regarding of the benefits and ecological impacts of human innovation and technology.

Discuss the process of developing national and global environmental standards.

Engage in argument from evidence on how political, legal, social and economic decisions may affect global and local ecosystems.

As related to human activities describe the effects and potential implications of pollution and resource pollution and resource depletion on the environment at the local and global levels.

Discuss various processes and activities that promote soil formation.

Plan and carry out investigations to explore primary productivity and the composition and properties of various soil samples.

Compare and contrast land usage (urban vs. rural).

Engage in arguments from evidence of how human activities (agriculture, ranching, mining, forestry, industrialization and urbanization) cause soil erosion, nutrient depletion, salinization, and soil pollution.

Develop and use models demonstrating various ways in which wastes products are managed and their impact on natural resources.

Identify various types of waste products (solid, chemical, radioactive) and their sources.

Engage in argument from evidence the impact of these waste products on living things.

Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes and their disposal.

Plan and carry out investigations pertaining to a variety of methods and design solutions to reduce, reuse, recycle, and reclaim natural resources.

Discuss how technological and genetic advances altered agricultural practices, land use, and global food supply.

Plan and carry out investigations concerning the sustainability of various farming practices (such as no till vs. strip cropping, monocultures vs. polycultures) on land use and food supply.

Construct explanations showing how integrated farming practices promote sustainability and economic growth (included integrated pest managements).

Analyze and interpret data showing the realistic and unrealistic methods of supporting the growing human population.

Identify the major ecosystem services that are provided by water resources (drinking water, food, waste management, etc.) and how these resources are allocated.

Identify major contaminants in water due to natural phenomena and human activities (biogeochemical cycles, homes, industry, and agriculture).

Ask questions and define problems with the process for wastewater treatment.

Use models to investigate the eutrophication of water by industrial effluents and agricultural run-offs.

Interpret the social, political, and economic influences on global water supply.

Ask questions and define problems arising from various diseases/disorders associated with water pollutants.

Design solutions for water conservation and protection for aquatic ecosystems that help provide ecological services.

Analyze data from water pollution events and its impact on the environment or human population.

Investigate the cause and effects of ocean acidification on ecosystem diversity.

Identify limiting factors, range of tolerance and indicator species within aquatic biomes.

Compare/contrast point and nonpoint source pollution.

Investigate the impacts of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems.

Analyze and interpret data on the effects of eutrophication to aquatic ecosystems.

Ask questions and define problems explaining surface and stratospheric ozone formation.

Analyze and interpret data related to short-term and long-term natural cyclic fluctuations of atmospheric gases associated with climate change.

Analyze and interpret data to determine how changes in anthropogenic atmospheric chemistry/gases (CO2, methane, CFCs) impact global climate change.

Plan and carry out investigations to determine local air quality and its impact on the environment.

Construct explanations and design solutions to determine the relationship between air pollution and acid rain.

Ask questions and define problems arising from various air pollutant-related diseases/disorders.

Analyze and interpret data to determine the effectiveness of current air pollution laws and treaties.

Explain the role of the government agencies in setting standards for conservation.

Analyze the role of global organizations in proposing and obtaining international environmental goals.

Construct explanations to examine the values associated with environmental decision making.

Construct explanations to describe how political, legal, social and economic decisions may affect global and local ecosystems.

Ask question and define problems regarding forms of energy resources and the significance of conservation to the environment.

Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable energy resources and the significance of their conservation.

Distinguish between natural and produced resources.

Describe resource production/renewal rates, rates of use and limitations of sources.

Develop and use models (to communicate) to explain the carbon cycle and how fossil fuels are formed.

Construct explanation (science) and design solutions (engineering) for identified problems associated with human dependence on fossil fuels.

Explain the relationship between standards of living and resource utilization.

Compare the utilization of resource usage between developed and developing countries.

Compare the amount of electrical energy needed to operate various devices.

Identify household devices with the energy star rating for energy efficiency.

Describe how energy and other resource utilization impact the environment.

Discuss the need for informed decision making regarding resource utilization (e.g., energy and water usage allocation, conservation, food and land and long-term depletion).

Develop and create models to communicate effective city planning and the sustainable management of energy resources.

Identify Earth's major gyres.

Develop a model to demonstrate major surface and vertical ocean currents.

Plan and carry out an investigation to determine how waves are generated

Use a model and carry out investigations to compare and contrast the various kinds of waves and to identify a fetch, tide, seiche, swell and tsunami.

Calculate the slope of a position-time graph and velocity-time graph in order to describe motion of an object.

Use positive and negative signs to describe the vector nature of physical quantities.

Compare and contrast scalar and vector quantities and give examples of each.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Calculate the areas of velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs to describe the displacement and velocity of an object.

Plan and carry out an investigation of one-dimensional (horizontal and vertical) motion to calculate average and instantaneous speed, velocity and acceleration.

Investigate and explain that free fall acceleration is independent of mass.

Use mathematical methods for vector addition to solve problems for vectors that are on the same line and perpendicular to each other.

Resolve position, velocity, or acceleration vectors into components. (x and y, horizontal and vertical)

Calculate range and time in the air for a horizontally launched projectile. (no air resistance)

Determine the acceleration and velocity at the top of the parabolic path of a projectile.

Explain the independence of vertical and horizontal motion of a projectile along the trajectory. (conceptually explain launch angle, velocity and acceleration at all points)

Plan and execute an experiment to investigate the projectile motion of an object by collecting and analyzing data using kinematic equations.

Predict mathematically and describe how changes to initial conditions (height and horizontal velocity) affect the time of flight and range for horizontal projectiles.

Explain and predict the motion of a body in absence of a net force and when forces are applied using Newton's 1st Law (principle of inertia).

Define mass as a measure of inertia.

Calculate the acceleration for an object using Newton's 2nd Law, including situations where multiple forces act together.

Identify the pair of equal and opposite forces between two interacting bodies and relate their magnitudes and directions using Newton's 3rd Law.

Construct a free body diagram and identify applicable forces for an object on an inclined plane.

Calculate the weight of various masses.

Compare and contrast static and sliding friction.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Experimentally determine the coefficient of friction between two surfaces.

Determine weight, normal force, tension force, and frictional force using the free-body diagram and net force for objects on horizontal planes.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Calculate acceleration and magnitude of forces for an object on an inclined plane.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Perform calculations for spring forces using Hooke's Law.

Calculate the kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of an object.

Calculate the amount of work performed by a force on an object.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Calculate the amount of work performed by a force applied at an angle.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Analyze a force-position graph to determine the amount of work done on an object by a linear force.

Plan and carry out an investigation demonstrating conservation and rate of transfer of energy (power).

Explain how the application of a force creates an impulse.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Develop a model that explains the relationship between force and time and the change in momentum experienced and perform impulse-momentum theorem calculations.

Describe and perform calculations involving one dimensional momentum.

Connect the concepts of Newton's 3rd law and impulse.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Experimentally and mathematically compare and contrast inelastic and elastic collisions.

Explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating and direct current.

Calculate the cost of using electrical energy (kW-hr) in electrical appliances.

Illustrate circuit diagrams using appropriate symbols for resistors, battery, light bulbs, and switch.

Plan and carry out an investigation to analyze simple series and parallel DC circuits.

Apply Ohm's Law to analyze steady-state DC circuits in series and parallel to determine the voltage across, current through, total resistance of and power dissipated/added by each element in the circuit.

Explain the nature of household circuits and the use of fuses and circuit breakers within them.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Determine the direction of the magnetic field around a current- carrying straight wire using a right-hand rule.

Experimentally determine the variables that influence the strength of the magnetic field around an electromagnet (i.e. number of turns in the wire, strength of the current, and presence or absence of an iron core).

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Perform calculations involving magnetic force for current-carrying wires and moving charges in magnetic fields using the equations: F=BIL and F=QvB.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Determine the direction of the magnetic force for current-carrying wires and moving charges in magnetic fields using a right-hand rule.

Mathematically describe how the velocity, frequency, and wavelength of a propagating wave are related.

Explore the dependency of the speed of mechanical waves on the properties of a medium.

Explain Doppler Effect, standing waves, wavelength, the relationship between amplitude and the energy of the wave, and the relationship between frequency and pitch.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Calculate the shift in frequency due to the Doppler effect.

Explain the properties of waves including, but not limited to, amplitude (intensity), frequency, wavelength, and the relationship between frequency or wavelength and the energy of the wave.

Investigate and solve problems involving refraction of light in relation to the speed of light in media, index of refraction, and angles of incidence and refraction (Snell's Law).

Explain Doppler Effect, standing waves, wavelength, the relationship between amplitude and the energy of the wave, and the relationship between frequency and pitch.

Construct an argument for the wave nature of light based on observations of diffraction patterns.

Demonstrate the dispersion of white light into a color spectrum and the addition of primary and secondary colors to form white light.

Explain alpha, beta, and gamma decays and their effects.

Optional Extension : balance nuclear equations involving alpha and beta decay.

Honors/Accelerated Extension: Use mathematics and computational thinking to apply the exponential decay equation.